CCTV Network / IP Cameras  (4,270)

1/3" 4 MP progressive scan imager 2688 x 1520 resolution 3.6 mm Fixed lens True day/night (IR-cut filter) Wide Dynamic Range up to 120 dB Low-light performance down to 0.08 lux (color) or 0 lux with IR LEDs on Up to 98 ft (30 m) IR illumination, depending on scene reflectance H.265 Smart Codec

Stainless steel IP PTZ camera Maximum resistance in corrosive environments Integrated video analysis available, VIDEOTEC ANALYTICS Junction box with integrated SFP slot to allow fiber optic connection

The Videotec MAXIMUS ex-proof PTZ cameras ensure excellent performance for monitoring critical processes in areas with risk of explosion, such as refineries, gas pipelines, oil tankers, offshore platforms, industrial processes, chemical industries, etc. The area is always monitored, thanks to the speed and detection accuracy of the target. Thanks to its reliability, robustness and accuracy, this ex-proof PTZ camera is the ideal solution for demanding video security applications in potentially explosive areas, such as refineries, gas pipelines, oil tankers, offshore platforms, industrial processes, chemical industries, etc. Key features: Entirely made in AISI 316L electropolished stainless steel Integrated day/night camera and wiper Analogue and IP version Total control through PTZ assistant (IP based version) Up to 2 simultaneous video streams Prewired versions with unarmoured cable/barrier cable gland

Dallmeier DDF4220HDV-IM Picodome is a 1.3-megapixel hybrid WDR HD dome camera. The camera provides real-time HD video using the H.264 codec and supports resolutions up to 1.3-megapixel. In addition to HD video over IP, the hybrid camera provides for a simultaneous analogue SD (PAL/NTSC) video output via BNC (CVBS). It is ONVIF and DIN EN 50130-4 compliant.

Effective video surveillance of an area requires clear, sharp and hi-res images so the operator has complete situational awareness in any weather or light conditions. Cameras continuously film monitored areas and so acquire an abundance of data-rich images. The complexity and volume of information can cause operators to lose attention, making the whole system vulnerable to mistakes and false alarms. It is now possible to reduce these critical issues, which exponentially increase a security system’s risks and operating costs, by using video analysis applied to surveillance cameras. Analysing video footage has become essential to the intelligent management of images and alarms. It ensures that potential intrusions that could threaten people, goods or property are detected and prevented. Videotec is proud to announce that is has released a “robust and smart” video analysis technology, integrated into ULISSE EVO cameras, that offers an end-to-end solution for preventative detection of intrusions in outdoor monitoring applications of critical infrastructures, industrial sites and perimeters. Videotec Analytics is the result of more than 10 years of research and design, carried out by a team of R&D professionals, cooperating together with prestigious international universities and research centres and is designed to be extremely reliable and proactive and be simple to configure and easy to use. Outdoor surveillance specialists The ULISSE EVO camera with Videotec Analysis technology comprises robust algorithms for accurate PTZ detection and precise and smooth auto-tracking, even in the most adverse external environmental conditions. The operator will have complete situational awareness no matter the circumstances. The Advantages of Videotec Analytics ULISSE EVO with Videotec Analytics means: Maximum preventative anti-intrusion efficiency A reduction in human error and therefore Reduced storage space needed: only necessary footage is recorded. Optimal external operation in the most critical and complex atmospheric conditions The GeoMove&Track function allows two ULISSE EVO to communicate with each other through intelligent language, create advanced actions, and perform a tracking based on the geo-coordinates of the target. It gives the immediate benefit of having a complete, turnkey positioning and tracking solution, guaranteed by Videotec. Unbeatable detection performance even at long distances, thanks to the analysis of detail-rich high-definition images. Reduced time and effort needed to monitor, detect and search the recordings for anomalous events. The resulting security system is highly efficient, reliable and convenient. How does Videotec Analytics work? Every time there is an alarm, the auto-tracking automatically activates and event metadata is sent to the VMS via the ONVIF protocol. Simultaneously, the security operators are then alerted and recording starts. The ULISSE EVO keeps the moving target at the centre of the frame and zooms in on the target to make recognition easier. The metadata sent to the VMS system can be used to frame the target with a bounding box for clear identification of the subject or it can be used to activate alarms or begin recording. How to configure Videotec Analytics A simple initial configuration allows ULISSE EVO to detect an object or person present in a sensitive area. Depending on the rules set by the user, an alarm is displayed and auto-tracking activated if an object enters, exits, or appears or stops more than allowed in an area. Thanks to an intuitive management interface, up to ten rules for each pre-set can be configured quickly. Any violation of these rules will activate auto-tracking and other scheduled actions. line crossing (the target crosses a line in one direction or multiple directions) entering/leaving area (the target enters or leaves a specific area) appearing in area (the target appears in a specific area loitering  (the target stays in a specific area longer than a defined time) target classification (for people and vehicles) function of detection mask (disables detection activity in a part of the image) Function of video tampering detection (an ONVIF alarm occurs if the camera lens is obscured or covered to block the view) Calibration and target classification with Videotec Analytics The operator can calibrate, via a very intuitive web interface, the scene’s point of view, so it is possible to render the targets in 3D. Targets can be put into three categories: generic object, person, vehicle. Targets will then trigger an alarm based on their size and so false alarms as a result of irrelevant objects appearing in the frame are drastically reduced. Videotec know-how and technology Videotec’s ULISSE EVO range with Video Analytics offers an integrated professional outdoor solution that is more robust and performs better than any other PTZ on the market. Videotec puts its all-in-one products through hundreds of validation tests in order to guarantee optimum robustness and reliability. As well as this, the electronics and networking are chosen from the industrial and automotive sector in order to ensure operation in the most critical environments. Mechanics, electronics, positioning, networking, software, video analysis algorithms and firmware are developed end-to-end by Videotec’s own R&D team. Videotec bases the development of its products on the concept of cyber-sustainability, where support, updates and training about the products span an interval that is larger than each single product lifecycle and assist integrators and customers keeping their systems protected. ULISSE EVO therefore offers Videotec’s guarantee of being a reliable, cyber-safe, future-proof platform that is easily integrable with third-party products.

Certifications for use in Zones 1 and 2, IIC T5 and T6 Group (Gas) and in Zones 21 and 22, IIIC T100°C and T85°C Group (Dust) Marine Certification: Lloyd's Register Marine Type Approval AISI 316L stainless steel construction External shot peened and electro-polished surfaces Camera Full HD 1080p, 30x, 60fps Minimum Illumination:  Colour: 0.006lx B/W: 0.0006lx 4m (13ft) / 10m (32.8ft) preinstalled armoured multipolar cable with cable gland or, alternatively, with 4m (13ft) / 10m (32.8ft) cable tail (for installation with conduit, conduit sealing fitting and conduit not included)

Analogue and IP, H.264/AVC and JPEG, 25fps, Full D1 (ONVIF-S)  Total control through Videotec's PTZ assistant? ?(IP-based version)  Up to 2 simultaneous video streams? ?(IP-based version)  Complete front flange with heated glass  Wiper

Bringing home monitoring to the palm of your hand Real time streaming Compatible with the HomeControl+ App and System Change the camera angle with the built in pan and tilt 720p HD quality video You can even view at night with the night vision mode

PTZ unit with factory-assembled and pre-configured camera and 500mm lens Minimum Illumination, Colour (ICR-OFF): 0.041 lx 1/25s F3.0, 50 IRE Minimum Illumination, B/W (ICR-ON): 0.005 lx 1/25s F3.0, 50 IRE IR corrected lens Advanced Autofocus system Thermal Compensation System and Visibile Cut Filter Pre-wired camera and lens through snap-on connector for easy installation and maintenance Horizontal continuous rotation Optical sensors for absolute positioning feedback Position accuracy: 0.02° Up to 250 Presets

The ULISSE COMPACT IP is the new IP-based PTZ positioning system designed for outdoor installations. This high-performance positioning unit integrates a video streaming module, to allow the IP control of all the PTZ functions. All video and telemetry signals are converted and sent through the network and is controlled easily though a bundled software package. The ULISSE COMPACT IP from Videotec is controllable/configurable by WEB browser. The system offers the highest video compression rate via MPEG-4 technology for live video. The max frame rate is 25fps with max picture resolution Full D1. The recording is made directly on the PC hard disk. It is possible to connect a joy-stick to the PC peripherical port for PTZ control. This unit combines the advantages of an IP controlled system with the high performance and the perfect positioning needed for a surveillance application: fast and smooth in motion at 200° per second, continuous rotation, positioning accuracy with simplified system configuration and use. ULISSE COMPACT IP has been specifically created for a wide variety of outdoor video surveillance applications, such as: coast and border patrol, harbour control, urban settings, highway and traffic monitoring, stadiums, industries, prisons or military applications, and perimeter surveillance.

Certified explosion-proof for use in Zones 1 and 2, Group IIC (Gas), Zones 21 and 22, Group IIIC (Dust) Certified up to a temperature of +80°C Maximum resistance in corrosive environments Possibility of direct connection via fiber optic

Certified explosion-proof for use in Zones 1 and 2, Group IIC (Gas), Zones 21 and 22, Group IIIC (Dust) Certified up to a temperature of +80°C Maximum resistance in corrosive environments Possibility of direct connection via fiber optic Image electronic stabilizer and dynamic masking

1/2.7" 5MP progressive scan imager 4 mm F2.0, Fixed lens Angle of view 81° (H) – 44° (V) Main Stream: 1080P (1 ~ 25/30fps), Sub Stream: 720P (1 ~ 25/30fps), Third Stream: 640x360 (1 ~ 25/30fps) Wide Dynamic Range (WDR) up to 120 dB Low light performance (0.065 lux in color mode) Up to 50 m (165 ft) IR distance, depending on scene reflectance

The explosion-proof camera MAXIMUS MVXT is perfect for efficient and preventive video surveillance and control of processes in hazardous environments where the atmosphere is potentially explosive due to the presence of inflammable gases or dust, typical of the Oil&Gas, marine or industrial sectors Certifications for use in Zones 1 and 2, IIC T5 and T6 Group (Gas) and in Zones 21 and 22, IIIC T100°C and T85°C Group (Dust) Marine Certification: Lloyd's Register Marine Type Approval AISI 316L stainless steel construction External shot peened and electro-polished surfaces Thermal cameras: Sensor: Uncooled VOx microbolometer 1 alarm input and 1 relay output

Oncam EVO-05-NJD 5MP indoor IP camera is a convenient surface-mounting camera that fully supports IEEE802.3af Class 2 Power-over-Ethernet for installation convenience. The camera provides total situational awareness over a 360-degree field of view, generating a number of video streams at a choice of resolutions as well as configurable privacy zones and video motion detection within defined areas of interest.

Ultra-lowlight 4MP camera with an IP67 environmental rating Indoor/outdoor waterproof mini-bullet Fixed lens 2.8mm Wide Dynamic Range Night Vision Smart IR, IR LEDs, 30m range Quad RTSP Streams Comes pre-configured to securely operate with the Eagle Eye Cloud Security VMS and Eagle Eye CameraManager Suitable for small indoor areas: stock room, lobby, hallways, elevators, IT closets, storage rooms, entrances, interview rooms

ULISSE RADICAL is the new range of outdoor PTZ cameras, pre-assembled in the factory, with the best motorised network cameras and zoom lenses ensuring a high level of performance. ULISSE RADICAL was developed by Videotec in every single detail during the design and engineering stages to ensure proper functioning, making it ready for use. The camera and lens have been pre-configured during the production stage, and the user only needs to connect up to the power supply and network and carry out the simple final set-up to adapt it to requirements. ULISSE RADICAL integrates Full HD cameras, 1/2 "CMOS sensor, and 1080p/60fps for daytime and night-time broadcast quality video. To obtain flawless images, even for very long distances, extremely high-performance lenses were selected, 18x or 33x (up to 500mm), equipped with an advanced autofocus that allows the user to quickly achieve and maintain automatic focus on a very distant subject, with sharp details. The special Visible Cut Filter enables the removal of disturbances caused by the external environment, due to haze or excessive heat. ULISSE RADICAL offers amazing performances both during the day and night: optimal results even in complete darkness thanks to the support of two powerful IR LED illuminators ensuring clear illumination up to a distance of more than 300 metres. They are all IP, and all functions can be managed via the ONVIF-S protocol by most VMS on the market. With its sophisticated temperature control system, ULISSE RADICAL is designed for perfect continuous operation even in extreme temperatures, from -40°C to 60°C (-40°F to 140°F). The powerful ULISSE RADICAL motors provide exceptional fluidity of movement, even at a minimum speed of 0.02°/sec. Ideal solution for the surveillance of vast outdoor areas, perimeters, border lines, harbours and airports, control of highways and military installations.

Made of electropolished AISI 316L stainless steel Radiometric analysis Complies with ONVIF Profile Q, Profile S and Profile T Complies with ONVIF Security Service specifications Thermal camera - Image Device: Uncooled VOx microbolometer 1 input for remote reset and 1 relay output Quick connectors Built-in modular support Ideal for the most demanding applications in the marine and industrial sectors, in critical infrastructures, power plants and transport sector,  including railways and motorway tunnels

Dallmeier DF5200HD-DN/IR day/night 2 MP, Full HD IP camera has been developed with special attention to changing light conditions for 24-hour video surveillance. The camera is equipped with an ambient light sensor and a removable IR cut filter and can automatically switch between day and night modes. In addition, different day and night presets for the exposure settings can be defined and adjusted. Built into an IP66-rated weather-proof enclosure, the camera is designed for both indoor and for outdoor applications.

1/2.8" 2 MP progressive scan imager Low light performance 60 m (195') IR distance, depending on scene reflectance True WDR: up to 120 dB Excellent low light performance with down to 0 lux BW (with IR LEDs on) Up to triple stream support 5-60 mm, F1.6, motorized focus and zoom lens Rugged outdoor housing with IP67 ingress protection rating and IK10 vandal resistance rating Corridor mode viewing capability On board camera storage: up to 128 GB micro SD card (not included) 12VDC / 2W output ONVIF profile S, G & Q compliant

1/3" 4 MP progressive scan imager Low light performance 60 m (195') IR distance, depending on scene reflectance True WDR: up to 120 dB Excellent low light performance with down to 0 lux BW (with IR LEDs on) Up to triple stream support 2.7-13.5 mm, F1.6, motorized focus and zoom lens Rugged outdoor housing with IP67 ingress protection rating and IK10 vandal resistance rating Corridor mode viewing capability On board camera storage: up to 128 GB micro SD card (not included) 12VDC / 2W output ONVIF profile S, G & Q compliant

Certifications for use in Zones 1 and 2, IIB T6 or T5 Group (Gas) and in Zones 21 and 22, IIIC T85°C or T100°C Group (Dust) AISI 316L stainless steel construction Supports for ceiling, wall and parapet installation supplied Camera Full HD 1080p, 3x or 10x Day/Night Video compression H.264/AVC, MJPEG, JPEG and MPEG4 Up to 3 simultaneous video streams Optional 4m (13ft) or 10m (32.8ft) preinstalled armoured multipolar cable with cable gland Power supply: 24Vdc/24Vac, PoE+ IP66/IP67/IP68/IP69

Since 2011, the patented Dallmeier Panomera® multifocal sensor technology has provided comprehensive video protection for vast areas in many football stadiums, perimeters, airports and city areas all over the world. The new Panomera® series, the “Ultraline“, has exceptionally high effective resolution for these situations. Dallmeier presents the first model of the new series, the Panomera® S8 Ultraline, which delivers up to 190 megapixel at 30 fps.  The Panomera® concept has revolutionised video technology: with up to eight sensors in a single camera, it is possible to capture enormous distances in unprecedented resolution quality. With fewer cameras and considerably less expense for both infrastructure and management, the total cost of ownership of video solutions are reduced significantly. At the same time, customer specifications regarding pixel density and coverage can be satisfied very precisely.    Up to 26,000 sqm. coverage with one camera The first model of the new Ultraline series, the Ultraline S8, has an excellent dynamic range of 130 dB UWDR (effective) for an extreme Panomera® effect. This enables a resolution of 125 px/m up to a distance of 160, 104 or 82 m, enabling individuals to be recognised over the entire distance. Identification of persons (250 px/m) is supported up to a distance of 46 m depending on the model, observation (62 px/m) is possible even up to a distance of 322 m. This corresponds to a huge image space of more than 26,000 sqm. with continuous depth of field.  Permanent capture The multifocal sensor system captures and stores all regions of the image space in the highest detail resolution. At the same time, it is not important whether the operators are concentrating on a specific region in live mode (multiple detail zoom) or if regions of interest are displayed in detail based on video content analysis (multiple auto-tracking). The Panomera® recordings always include the entire area of interest and allow every operation to be analysed.  “Made in Germany” and GDPR-ready Like all Dallmeier cameras the new Panomera® model is manufactured entirely in Germany, at the Dallmeier factory in Regensburg. This in itself is a major factor in the manufacturer’s data protection and data security strategy, since it is then impossible for unauthorised persons to gain access through “backdoors”, for example. In all, 14 functions such as the setup of private zones, People Masking or the very latest encryption-authentication technology in the processing chain of Dallmeier solutions ensure that the strict requirements of the GDPR relating to data protection and data security are met.

Pelco IPSXME136-7X is a 1/4 inch colour monochrome IP camera that has all of the features and functions of the original ExSite Series, while allowing to control and monitor video over an IP network from virtually anywhere in the world. ExSite IP Pan/Tilt Series is an explosionproof integrated positioning system with a built-in 100Base-TX network interface for live streaming to any network application.

Oncam EVO-05-LJD 5MP indoor IP camera is convenient surface-mounting camera that fully supports IEEE802.3af Class 2 Power-over-Ethernet for installation convenience. It provides total situational awareness over a 360-degree field of view, generating a number of video streams at a choice of resolutions at up to 30fps as well as configurable privacy zones and video motion detection within defined areas of interest.

1/2.8" 2 MP progressive scan imager 1920 x 1080 resolution 3.7 - 13.5 mm MFZ lens True day/night (IR-cut filter) Wide Dynamic Range up to 120 dB Low-light performance down to 0.05 lux (color) or 0 lux with IR LEDs on Up to 197 ft (60 m) IR illumination, depending on scene reflectance H.265 Smart Codec

Accommodates every ATM model Ideal view of ATM users High Dynamic Range (HDR) The camera stays in place Find your critical video faster QR Code

High performance 8MP camera with an IP67 environmental rating Indoor/outdoor waterproof bullet Motorised lens 3.3 - 12mm Wide Dynamic Range Night Vision Smart IR, IR LEDs, 40m range Triple RTSP Streams Comes pre-configured to securely operate with the Eagle Eye Cloud Security VMS and Eagle Eye CameraManager Suitable for modest outdoor areas or large indoor areas: Small Parking lots, fields, parking garages, work yards, back yards, outdoor entrances, warehouses

March Networks’ new ME3 Pendant IR PTZ camera delivers uncompromising security for large indoor and outdoor spaces, as well as essential features to ensure high reliability, clear image capture and storage efficiency. Ideal for large-footprint environments such as parking lots, big box stores and transit stations, the camera incorporates electronic image stabilisation and HDR, so recorded video is always crisp. Universal Power over Ethernet (UPoE) ensures redundancy and zero downtime by switching to PoE when a camera loses power. And built-in PTZ auto-tracking uses motion detection to automatically track a person or object, keeping the image centred and in focus. Software updates are quick and easy to apply using the mass management feature available in Command Enterprise software, while PTZ-optimised motion histograms speed search capabilities. The 3MP PTZ includes a 40x zoom lens to capture objects 25% further away than industry-standard PTZs, and IR LEDs for uniform illumination in total darkness at a distance of more than 650 feet/200 metres. It also incorporates a Low Bit Rate compression mode to improve bandwidth and storage efficiency by as much as 50% when the camera is in its home position. The ME3 Pendant IR PTZ is protected by a weather-proof enclosure, and generates an alert in the event someone attempts to obstruct or move the camera. It comes with a variety of mounting options, including a 1.5” NPT wall mount and short pendant mount, both with back boxes.

1/1.7" 12 MP progressive scan imagers 16x digital zoom Digital WDR 25 ft (8 m) IR distance, depending on scene reflectance Wide horizontal angle of view at 185° Built-in cyber security hardware chipset Excellent low light performance with down to 0 lux BW (with IR LEDs on) Up to triple stream support Resolution: 12 MP (4K) at 25 fps 1.98 mm F2.8 fixed fisheye lenses Onboard camera storage up to 128 GB microSD card (not included) Rugged outdoor housing with IP67 ingress protection rating and IK10 impact resistance rating ONVIF profile S and G compliant Global language support with 15 languages for all QIGs, Web GUI, and online help

Powerful video analytics, including tripwire, intrusion detection, loitering detection, object removal, and abandoned object Region of Interest (ROI) encoding for each stream – configure up to 3 regions per stream 4MP resolution Smart IR LEDs High Dynamic Range Rugged, all-metal weather-proof (IP66), vandal-resistant (IK10) enclosure

2 Megapixel Small compact size Audio input and output Digital Wide Dynamic Range SD Card storage slot Fully integrated into the Eagle Eye Cloud VMS and Eagle Eye CameraManager Used in ATMs and other applications with limited space

With the DF5200HD-IR-ANPR Dallmeier launches a new special camera whose images are optimised for the automatic recognition of vehicle number plates. ANPR technology The DF5200HD-IR-ANPR is a special camera with integrated IR illumination. The images provided by the camera are optimised for the automatic recognition of vehicle number plates on a SEDOR® ANPR Server appliance. Equipped with the most advanced sensor and encoder technology, a powerful IR illumination and a special optical filter, the camera provides high-resolution and monochrome video footage. This is the ideal base for a precise and fast 24-hour number plate recognition, regardless of environmental conditions or changing lighting at day and night. Infrared sensitivity The camera features an outstanding infrared sensitivity and permanently supplies infrared images with excellent contrast. The restriction on the infrared range allows for the elimination of disturbing daylight and ambient conditions. In addition, the intense IR reflection of modern number plates is optimally utilized. This enables recordings with brilliant clarity and highest detail resolution, ideal for a precise number plate recognition in a 24/7 operation. The outstanding infrared sensitivity of the camera is supported by the integrated homogeneous IR illumination. It is based on semi-covert 850nm high power LEDs and permits an illumination range of up to 18m. The camera is equipped with special presets in order to provide optimum recordings for the number plate recognition with SEDOR® ANPR Server. This allows the quick and easy adjustment of the settings to different capture ranges. Individual adjustments of the camera settings are usually not required. The camera is equipped with a RAM memory that is used by the EdgeStorage function for storing the video stream in case of a network failure. When the network is restored, the SmartBackfill function ensures a fast transmission to the SMAVIA recording system. This stores the video stream with high speed and then continues the recording of the live stream seamlessly.

Thermal, Full HD, network PTZ camera with dual sensors Entirely made from AISI 316L electropolished stainless steel Maximum resistance in corrosive environments Junction box with integrated SFP slot to allow fiber optic connection

8MP resolution for crystal-clear images AI-enabled security analytics for accurate detection of incidents Outdoor-rated, built-in IR LEDs Region of Interest (ROI) compression Convenient Low Bit Rate (LBR) setting

Dallmeier DF5200HD-DN-1 day/night full HD network box camera has been developed with special attention to changing light conditions for 24-hour video surveillance. The extremely high light sensitivity of the sensor and the sophisticated image processing ensure crisp colour images even in the dark. This IP camera is equipped with an ambient light sensor and can automatically switch between day and night modes. In addition, different day and night presets for the exposure settings can be defined and adjusted. The new P-Iris control provides precise and automatic setting of the optimum aperture. Thus, this box camera achieves a much better depth of field than with conventional DC auto iris lenses under almost any lighting conditions. Dallmeier DF5200HD-DN-1HD IP camera is ONVIF compliant.

Dallmeier Panomera S4 Topline is a multifocal sensor system with 4 sensors. The camera is 4K Ultra HD Ready and features Ultra Wide Dynamic Range (UWDR) for highest colour fidelity and detail reproduction even in scenes with a wide range of contrast and strong backlighting. The day/night IP camera also features bandwidth-friendly real-time data transmission (streaming) with up to 30fps at full resolution. It also supports ONVIF Profile S compliance for easy integration into 3rd party systems. It is suitable for indoor and outdoor applications.

The cameras of the Dallmeier DF5200HD series have been developed with special attention to changing light conditions for 24-hour video surveillance. Dallmeier DDF5200HDV-DN-IM is a 2MP day/night dome camera that features combination of the most advanced sensor and encoder technology resulting in recordings with excellent contrast, brilliant clarity and highest detail resolution and color fidelity, even in low light conditions.

Certified explosion-proof for use in Zones 1 and 2, Group IIC (Gas), Zones 21 and 22, Group IIIC (Dust) Certified up to a temperature of +80°C Maximum resistance in corrosive environments Possibility of direct connection via fibre optic Thermal camera with radiometric functions